A recent study that used virtual reality technology to study reported deja vu experiences supported this idea. Cleary suggests that déjà vu may be a form of familiarity-based recognition (recognition that is based on a feeling of familiarity with a situation) and that laboratory methods of probing familiarity-based recognition hold promise for probing déjà vu in laboratory settings. Memory-based explanations may lead to the development of a number of non-invasive experimental methods by which a long sought-after analogue of déjà vu can be reliably produced that would allow it to be tested under well-controlled experimental conditions. When this was later re-encountered, the restricted activation caused thereafter by the posthypnotic amnesia resulted in three of the 10 participants reporting what the authors termed "paramnesias". In an effort to experimentally reproduce the sensation, Banister and Zangwill (1941) used hypnosis to give participants posthypnotic amnesia for material they had already seen. Thus, encountering something which evokes the implicit associations of an experience or sensation that cannot be remembered may lead to déjà vu. The similarity between a déjà-vu-eliciting stimulus and an existing, but different, memory trace may lead to the sensation. Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren, 1994), Taiminen and Jääskeläinen speculate that déjà vu occurs as a result of hyperdopaminergic action in the mesial temporal areas of the brain. Due to the dopaminergic action of the drugs and previous findings from electrode stimulation of the brain (e.g. He found the experience so interesting that he completed the full course of his treatment and reported it to the psychologists to write up as a case study. Taiminen and Jääskeläinen (2001) reported the case of an otherwise healthy male who started experiencing intense and recurrent sensations of déjà vu upon taking the drugs amantadine and phenylpropanolamine together to relieve flu symptoms. Some pharmaceutical drugs, when taken together, have also been implicated in the cause of déjà vu. PharmacologyĬertain drugs increase the chances of déjà vu occurring in the user. a hypnagogic jerk, the sudden "jolt" that frequently, but not always, occurs just prior to falling asleep), it is conjectured that a similar (mild) neurological aberration occurs in the experience of déjà vu, resulting in an erroneous sensation of memory. non-pathological) epileptic episode regularly (e.g. This correlation has led some researchers to speculate that the experience of déjà vu is possibly a neurological anomaly related to improper electrical discharge in the brain. The strongest pathological association of déjà vu is with temporal lobe epilepsy. There does not seem to be a special association between déjà vu and schizophrenia or other psychiatric conditions. Links with disordersĮarly researchers tried to establish a link between déjà vu and serious psychopathology such as schizophrenia, anxiety, and dissociative identity disorder, and failed to find the experience of some diagnostic value. In a survey, Brown had concluded that approximately two-thirds of the population have had déjà vu experiences. Another theory suggests the brain may process the sensory input as a memory, and therefore during the event one believes it to be a past memory, yet it is only a memory-in-progress, which is how the brain perceives life. But this has been downplayed as the brain would not be able to store information without a sensory input first. One theory is the events would be stored into memory before the conscious part of the brain even receives the information and processes it. In particular, this may result from an overlap between the neurological systems responsible for short-term memory and those responsible for long-term memory (events which are perceived as being in the past). Likewise, as time passes, subjects can exhibit a strong recollection of having the "unsettling" experience of déjà vu itself, but little or no recollection of the specifics of the event(s) or circumstance(s) they were "remembering" when they had the déjà vu experience. This explanation is supported by the fact that the sense of "recollection" at the time is strong in most cases, but that the circumstances of the "previous" experience (when, where, and how the earlier experience occurred) are quite uncertain or believed to be impossible. The explanation that has mostly been accepted of déjà vu is not that it is an act of " precognition" or " prophecy", but rather that it is an anomaly of memory, giving the false impression that an experience is "being recalled". Titchener in his book A Textbook of Psychology (1928), wrote that déjà vu is caused by a person getting a brief glimpse of an object or situation prior to full conscious perception, resulting in a false sense of familiarity.
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